There are a number of lowreynolds number aerodynamic databases for relatively simple geometries. But there has been no detailed description of how the original idea of the swept wing was developed into the reality that enabled highspeed flight. After returning to the united states, vma323 flew the grumman f9f2 panther and later the f9f8 cougar, a swept wing version of the combatproven panther. Here are 8 swept wing airplanes that changed the world.
This is the logic for the variable sweep or swing wing. Coffee table books talked about the hallmark swept wing, but often got the facts wrong, and the problem was, there just werent any guitars around. A number of experts offer their favourite books on military history and war. A swept wing is a wing that angles either backward or occasionally forward from its root rather than in a straight sideways direction. This results in the principal advantage of wing sweep which is to delay the onset of wave drag.
For an airplane which is designed to be multimission, for example, subsonic cruise and supersonic cruise, it would be advantageous to combine a straight wing and swept wing design. Testing the grumman x29a forward swept wing research aircraft. It is an excellent history of the early planes of commercial service. Aerodynamics of swept wings request pdf researchgate. The following article on angled deck aircraft carriers is an excerpt from barrett tillmans book on wave and wing. The straight wing airplane does not have these disadvantages. A variation on the swept wing theme is the delta wing first proposed by the german aerodynamicist alexander lippisch in the years prior to world war ii ref. A swept wing has the effect of delaying the aerodynamic drag rise caused by fluid compressibility near the speed of sound, increasing performance.
Swept wing aircraft have a well defined stall aoa c. Author of the elementary theory of aeroelasticity, the rolling power of an elastic swept wing, flutter prediction in practice, flutter of an untapered wing allowing for thermal effects, the elementary theory of aeroelasticity. But its not all benefit theres a hefty price which shows up at slow. German development of the swept wing 19351945 library. The mid to longrange narrowbody fourengine aircraft with a sweptwing design was developed and manufactured by the boeing company. It is also shown why aftswept wings are susceptible to tip stall and how a controlled form of stall can lead to. This book goes into the early airliners like the dc 2 and dc 3. Wing sweep at high speeds was first investigated in germany as early as 1935, finding application just before the end of the second world war. We asked 23 top historians to write the paragraph that will describe the past decade, 100 years from now. The book addresses the problems and questions concerning test and measurement techniques, aerodynamics, gas dynamics, and aeroelasticity, and experience gained in developing and testing the first jet aircraft and antiaircraft rockets with swept wings and low aspect ratio wings. This book is a look at the big picture of the fastpaced test program. Suppose a cylindrical wing constant chord, incidence, etc.
Swept s janitorial software isnt just another solutionits the change maker. Their wing sweep angle made only a slight difference in top speed, as they we. The 100 year quest to perfect the aircraft carrier. A swept wing is a wing that angles either backward or occasionally forward from its root rather. Among several other modifications, the paint scheme changed due to the. The aerodynamic instability of the x29s airframe required the use of computerized flybywire control. While both planes were recordbreaking speed demons, they were both definitely subsonic. Airplanes that transformed aviation sixteen historic designs that changed the game. The historians hew strachan and michael howard and the journalist peter snow offer very different choices on the general topic, while jeremy black focuses on the contribution made by china, the ottomans and other asian nations to military history and strategy antulio echevarria chooses his favourite books on. Additional advances in engine design in germany resulted in the fielding of the me262 swallow fighter, which, although not as maneuverable as the american p51 mustang or other allied fighters, had a top speed 100 mph faster, due to its jet engines and swept wings, giving it. The term swept wing is normally used to mean swept back, but variants include forward sweep, variable sweep wings and oblique wings. Youll find swept wings on many jets around the world, and on a few high performance propellor aircraft. The use of a flat uncambered wing produces a large pressure gradient at the leading edge, which likely aids the transition to a turbulent boundary layer, which could likely be the reason for little camber in insect wings. The grumman x29 was an american experimental aircraft that tested a forward swept wing, canard control surfaces, and other novel aircraft technologies.
In particular, the transition mechanisms of attachmentline instabilities and crossflow vortices are explained. Request pdf aerodynamics of swept wings in this chapter we discuss the aerodynamics of swept wings in transonic flow. This book spends 350 pages in a very thorough history of commercial aviation. Swept s janitorial software does all the heavy liftingrobust scheduling, time tracking, supply management, problem reporting, translation, and much more. One of the simplest and best explanations of how the swept wing works was offered by robert t. At high speed, the air passing over conventional aftswept wings tends to flow out to the wingtips, a phenomenon called. In order to maintain control near and above the speed of sound, it is often necessary to use either power operated allflying tailplanes stabilators, or delta wings fitted with power operated elevons. This is a good related read from a control system perspective.
This page is currently inactive and is retained for historical reference. What are the advantages of a forward swept wing vs. The book addresses the problems and questions concerning test and. A variablesweep wing, colloquially known as a swing wing, is an airplane wing, or set of wings, that may be swept back and then returned to its original straight position during flight. It allows the aircrafts shape to be modified in flight, and is therefore an example of. From late 1953 through august 1956 the death rattlers flew in numerous training exercises from both land bases and aircraft carriers. Suppose that the simple liftingline model that was shown in fig. Military history five books expert recommendations. German development of the swept wing 19351945 library of flight. It is also shown why aftswept wings are susceptible to tip stall and how a controlled form of stall can lead to a stable leadingedge vortex. The history of the development of the swept wing has been described several times during the last fifty years. We have many histories of military aircraft and their use in war. Animals and nature computer coding dinosaurs and prehistoric life earth history human body.
Swept wing news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2014 learn how and when to remove this template. Originally designed as a highaltitude dayfighter, the sabre was subsequently redesigned into an allweather interceptor f86d and a fighterbomber f86h. The iceaccretion research conducted has also led to a good fundamental. It made its first flight on december 20, 1957, and entered commercial service on october 26, 1958. The north american f86 sabre is justly famous as americas first swept wing jet fighter, triumphing over the mig15 in swirling dogfights over the yalu river during the korean war. The history of the development of the swept wing has been described several times. Swept wings are also sometimes used for other reasons, such as low drag, low observability, structural convenience or pilot visibility.
Either the page is no longer relevant or consensus on its purpose has become unclear. One of the distorted facts involves the doublebranded standelhallmark guitar, which was prominently featured in a vintage guitar classics magazine. View, california and became famous for his efforts in swept wing design theory, the design of the oblique wing aircraft, proposed and. The north american f86 sabre, or sabrejet, was the air forces first swept wing jet fighter plane. The aircraft made its initial flight on october 1, 1947. It remained in production until 1991, with a total of 1,010 being built, and was credited with inaugurating. Boeing 707, the first successful commercial passenger jetliner. Why didnt the nazis put swept wings on the me 262 even.
Our relentless pursuit centers around you, and your cleaners. The f4s conversion was the most extensive in the teams history. What are the advantages of a forwardswept wing over a. However, in the united states and great britain, the concept of the swept wing remained virtually unknown until the end of the war. The x29 was developed by grumman, and the two built were flown by nasa and the united states air force. Airfoil section for swept wings i am thinking of building a swept back flying wing sailplane. What characteristics about swept wing aircraft are. Swept wing aircraft can fly slower than straight wing aircraft b. A forward swept wing is an aircraft wing configuration in which the quarterchord line of the wing has a forward sweep. Introduction to aircraft flight dynamics is an assemblage of bookmarks for web pages that contain educational material. Introduction to aircraft flight dynamics a virtual reference book robert f. Find out how wing sweep increases your critical mach number in this crash course episode. Swept wings have been flown since the pioneer days of aviation. The thunderbirds started the 1969 training season still in the f100ds, but in the spring of 1969, received the first of the new mcdonnell douglas f4e phantom iis and began the teams conversion.
What characteristics about swept wing aircraft are shown in figure 11. German development of the swept wing, 19351945 library. The tailplane the crosspiece of the tail was high up, so that it was out of the way of the exhaust jets from the engines. Linear and nonlinear development of controlled disturbances in the supersonic boundary layer on a swept wing at mach 2. The rearward location of the main wing spar would lead to a more. In transonic flight, a swept wing allows a higher critical mach number than a straight wing of similar chord and camber. In addition, viscous effects on swept wings are detailed. This wing derives its name from the greek letter, which describes the planform shape.
This approach is illustrated by the broken lines in fig. That, in turn, delays the onset of supersonic airflow over the wing which delays wave drag. Also, swept wings with uncambered leading edges promote vortex flow just behind the leading edge on the upper surface. Stengel princeton university princeton, nj may 21, 20. Swept wing article about swept wing by the free dictionary.
The worlds first swept wing jet aircraft lommel, horst on. Sweeping the wings makes the wing feel like its flying slower. The sweptwing concept had been appreciated by german aerodynamicists since the mid1930s, and by 1942 a considerable amount of research had gone into it. The x29 represented, to some extent, hubris on the part of the control system designers. This book presents a detailed description of how the original idea of the swept wing was developed into the reality that enabled highspeed flight.
805 334 244 718 903 586 1284 294 1054 712 380 294 763 111 598 514 189 255 427 1415 706 976 900 428 1252 3 228 431 909 1236 662